ASTRO SPACE NEWS

A DIVISION OF MID NORTH COAST ASTRONOMY (NSW)

(ASTRO) DAVE RENEKE

SPACE WRITER - MEDIA PERSONALITY - SCIENCE CORRESPONDENT ABC/COMMERCIAL RADIO - LECTURER - ASTRONOMY OUTREACH PROGRAMS - ASTRONOMY TOUR GUIDE - TELESCOPE SALES/SERVICE/LESSONS - MID NORTH COAST ASTRONOMY GROUP (Est. 2002)   Enquiries: (02) 6585 2260       Mobile: 0400 636 363        Email: davereneke@gmail.com

TAKING ENQUIRIES FOR OUR NORFOLK ISLAND 2024 'STARGAZING' TOUR

Nestled amidst the vast expanse of the South Pacific Ocean, Norfolk Island stands as a haven for those seeking to escape the clutches of urban light pollution and immerse themselves in the celestial splendor of the night sky. Far removed from the twinkling metropolises and sprawling suburbs, this remote island boasts one of the darkest skies on Earth, earning it the prestigious Gold Level Dark Sky certification.

As the sun sets and darkness takes over, Norfolk Island becomes an excellent spot for stargazing. The lack of light pollution and the island's warm, clear nights create perfect conditions for observing the celestial wonders. The sky gradually fills with stars, including the mesmerizing Milky Way, making it a paradise for those who love to look up and appreciate the beauty of the universe. 

Join our guided stargazing tour and let an experienced astronomer guide you through the celestial wonders that abound. Learn to identify constellations, from the familiar Orion to the enigmatic Scorpio, each with its own captivating mythology and rich cultural significance.  

Join our guided stargazing tour and let an experienced astronomer guide you through the celestial wonders that abound. Learn to identify constellations, from the familiar Orion to the enigmatic Scorpio, each with its own captivating mythology and rich cultural significance.   Discover the wonders of the cosmos, from the majestic planets of our solar system to the distant nebulae and galaxies. Looking through a powerful telescope on Norfolk Island reveals some cool stuff in the sky. Saturn's rings look like a celestial hula hoop, and the Jewel Box star cluster has colors that'll blow your mind.

But the stargazing on Norfolk Island is more than just looking at cool things. It's an experience that goes beyond just watching—it's about feeling a deep connection with the universe. Standing under the starry sky in the quiet of the island, you can't help but feel small and humble. It's a reminder of how tiny we are in the vastness of the universe. 

Stargazing tours on Norfolk Island aren't just for seeing space stuff. They're a chance to reconnect with yourself, to rediscover the wonder that often gets lost in our busy lives. It's an invitation to slow down, take a breath, and think about the beauty and vastness of the universe, finding comfort and inspiration in its celestial hug. 

***NEW for 2024...You can pay off your trip by instalments with us OR just your airfare. Speak to us!

FOR BOOKING ENQUIRIES/COSTS ETC  Australian Mobile 0402 335 005 - Email: norfolkislandstargazing@gmail.com

Earth swallowed up an alien planet – and it's still lurking inside

The remains of another planet that collided with Earth and formed the Moon are still buried deep inside the Earth's interior, according to a new study. The findings help explain why two continent-sized areas 2,900km beneath the Earth's crust behave oddly when earthquakes hit. How our own Moon was formed has proved a headscratcher for several generations of scientists.

The leading theory suggests that during the late stages of the Earth's growth – around 4.5 billion years ago – a huge collision known as the 'giant impact' occurred. This impact was between primordial Earth – known as Gaia – and a proto-planet around the size of Mars, known as Theia. The Moon is believed to have formed from the debris generated by this huge collision.

However, other theories include the idea that the Moon was a 'wandering body', such as an asteroid, captured by Earth's gravity, or that the Earth was once spinning so fast that some bits of it flew off and clumped back together. The new study supports the impact theory by showing how a collision could have led to this mix of planets deep within Earth, forming the areas known as large low velocity provinces (LLVP).

One is located beneath the African tectonic plate, while the other is under the Pacific plate. When seismic waves pass through these areas, wave velocity is significantly reduced. LLVPs have significant implications for the evolution of the mantle, the separation and aggregation of supercontinents, and the Earth's tectonic plate structures – but their origins have remained a mystery.

Dr Qian Yuan, from the California Institute of Technology, proposed along with his collaborators that LLVPs could have evolved from a small amount of Theian material that entered Gaia's lower mantle when the two collided. Through in-depth analysis of previous giant-impact simulations, and by conducting new, higher-precision simulations, the researchers found a significant amount of Theian mantel material – around 2% of the Earth's mass – entered the lower mantle of Gaia during the giant impact.

The research team also calculated that this Theian mantle material – which is similar to lunar rocks – is enriched with iron, making it denser than the surrounding Gaian material. As a result, it rapidly sank to the bottom of the mantle and, over the course of long-term mantle convection, formed two prominent LLVP regions which have remained stable throughout 4.5 billion years of geological evolution.

Differences in the deep mantle suggests that the Earth's interior is far from a uniform or boring system, but instead small amounts of deep-seated diversity can be brought to the surface by mantle plumes – thermal currents caused by mantle convection which are believed to have formed the islands of Hawaii and Iceland.

'Through precise analysis of a wider range of rock samples, combined with more refined giant impact models and Earth evolution models, we can infer the material composition and orbital dynamics of the primordial Earth, Gaia, and Theia,' said co-author Dr Quin Yuan. 'This allows us to constrain the entire history of the formation of the inner solar system.' The study is published in the journal Nature.

Using Good Ole Binoculars for Astronomy 

In the vast expanse of the night sky lies a realm of wonders awaiting discovery. Regardless of whether you're a seasoned astronomer or a curious child eager for knowledge, binoculars emerge as an accessible portal to the cosmos. These versatile optical instruments not only afford a clearer view of celestial objects but also serve as an excellent starting point for young stargazers embarking on their cosmic journey.

Binoculars present several advantages over telescopes, especially for beginners and children. They are lightweight, portable, and easy to handle, making them less intimidating than telescopes. Additionally, their affordability renders them accessible to families on a budget or those uncertain about long-term astronomical pursuits. Their wider field of view compared to telescopes facilitates easier location of celestial objects.

Key factors to consider when selecting binoculars for astronomy include aperture, magnification, durability, and weight. Aperture, determining the light-gathering capacity, is crucial for observing faint celestial objects like distant galaxies and nebulae. Opting for a moderate magnification reduces image shakiness caused by hand tremors and atmospheric turbulence. Durability features, such as water-resistant or waterproof designs, ensure longevity, especially during outdoor activities. Lightweight and compact models are preferable, particularly for children, enhancing handling and portability.

7x50 and 10x50 binoculars differ primarily in magnification and field of view. The "7x" and "10x" denote magnification, with 10x providing stronger magnification than 7x. In astronomy, 7x50 offers wider field of view, making it easier to locate objects in the sky and reducing image shake. However, 10x50 provides greater detail due to higher magnification. Beginners often prefer 7x50 for its ease of use, while experienced observers may opt for 10x50 for finer observations despite a narrower field.

With binoculars in hand, exploring the night sky becomes a thrilling adventure. Start by familiarizing yourself with prominent constellations, stars, and planets visible in your area using smartphone apps or online resources. Begin your observations with the Moon, marvelling at its craters, mountains, and lunar seas across different lunar phases. Binoculars also offer impressive views of planets within our solar system, including Jupiter's moons, Saturn's rings, and the phases of Venus. Dive deeper into the cosmos by exploring star clusters and nebulae beyond our solar system.

Introducing children to astronomy at a young age can spark a lifelong interest in science and exploration. Binoculars provide a simple yet powerful tool for fostering curiosity and wonder about the universe. Encourage kids to ask questions, explore at their own pace, and share their observations with family and friends.

Consider joining my local astronomy group to enhance your learning experience and connect with fellow enthusiasts. Remember, the joy of discovering the cosmos is not just about what you see through the lenses of binoculars but also about the sense of awe and wonder it instils in the hearts and minds of those who gaze up at the night sky.

Binoculars offer a gateway to the wonders of the universe for both seasoned astronomers and budding stargazers alike. With their simplicity, affordability, and versatility, they make an excellent choice for exploring the night sky and igniting a passion for astronomy in kids of all ages. So, grab your binoculars, step outside, and prepare to embark on an unforgettable journey through the cosmos. Happy stargazing!

China building giant hypersonic railgun for space launches

In a hypersonic race for rapid-fire satellite-launching supremacy, China and the US are unveiling dueling futuristic technologies that could be crucial in a war scenario where satellites are targeted. The South China Morning Post (SCMP) reported this month that China plans to build a giant railgun to launch its Tengyun spaceplane, combining electromagnetic launch and hypersonic flight. China aims to use a giant electromagnetic launch track to accelerate a hypersonic aircraft to Mach 1.6, separate from the track, ignite its engine and enter near space at seven times the speed of sound, the SCMP report said. 

The Tengyun spaceplane is designed to carry crew and cargo into orbit and release satellites into space. It may also be designed to conduct other missions including docking with or capturing satellites or surveillance. SCMP says the Tengyun project presents a viable application of electromagnetic launch technology to overcome challenges in high-speed flight efficiency.

China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) has constructed a two-kilometer low-vacuum track high-speed maglev test facility in Datong, Shanxi province. The facility can propel a heavy object to speeds approaching 1,000 kilometers per hour, according to the SCMP report. The length of the test line will be extended to achieve a maximum operating speed of 5,000 kilometers per hour in the coming years, the report said.

At the same time, US-based Stratolaunch's Talon-A (TA-1) hypersonic vehicle recently made its first powered flight carrying multiple test payloads off California's coast, The Warzone reported this month. The wedge-shaped unmanned aircraft, launched from the company's massive Roc jet, achieved around 200 seconds of powered flight, reaching supersonic speeds approaching Mach 5, the Warzone report said, adding it is expected eventually to reach Mach 6. 

The report notes that Stratolaunch has since 2018 focused on hypersonic development support instead of its original focus on space launches. It mentions the company is considering introducing a fueling top-off capability to enhance TA-1's performance. The TA-1's first powered flight serves to continue risk reduction for the first reusable flight of the company's second prototype, designated TA-2.

Stratolaunch's Roc aircraft, with the Talon TA-1 vehicle attached between its fuselages, takes off March 9 from Mojave Air and Space Port in California. Credit: Stratolaunch / Matt Hartman TA-1 and TA-2, which the US Missile Defense Agency may use as threat-representative targets for hypersonic threat engagement and interception, are both fully reusable and feature tricycle landing gear for recovery. While TA-1's stated purpose is to be a practice target for hypersonic missile defense, its design elements and testing data could be instrumental in developing Stratolaunch's Black Ice spaceplane, which is envisioned to have advanced on-orbit cargo return and cargo launch capabilities.

Meanwhile, China's spaceplane railgun launch system is similar in concept to the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) on its Fujian aircraft carrier and the US Gerald Ford-class supercarriers. In contrast to traditional steam catapults, EMALS uses a linear induction motor to propel aircraft off the flight deck. EMALS also enables the launch of heavier aircraft in a shorter period while being gentler on airframes. However, in the 2017 Proceedings of the SARC-ACN International Conference, Azeem Sigh Kahlon and other writers point out that one EMALS launch can consume 100 megawatts of energy, enough to power a small town. 

Kahlon and others say a conventionally powered ship needs more steam boilers to provide that energy, which would take up space for other vital equipment. They also point out the low thermal efficiency of naval nuclear reactors, as they are required to generate flexible power, in contrast to land-based reactors' steady maximum power output. While China's Fujian carrier is the only one outside the US Navy to possess EMALS technology, it may be limited by the ship's conventional power source compared to US nuclear-powered supercarriers. However, placing EMALS technology on land may remove some power constraints associated with conventional shipboard power and enable it to launch heavier loads that require more power such as spaceplanes.

The Ukraine war has validated the strategic importance of satellite constellations, incentivizing the US and China to research cost-effective methods of deploying multiple satellites quickly. The capability to promptly launch large numbers of satellites is essential to providing space-based communications, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, targeting and redundancy. In line with that, Sam Bresnick notes in an August 2023 Breaking Defense article that China may already have exceeded the US in tactically responsive space launch (TRSL), the capability to quickly replace damaged or destroyed satellites in the event of a conflict.

 Bresnick notes that the US space industry has focused on payload capacity, reliability and efficiency as well as launching as many satellites as possible. He points out that this has led to the development of large, liquid-fuel rockets that take significant time to launch, requiring complex positioning and fueling processes and sophisticated ground support equipment. In contrast, Bresnick notes that while China has similar liquid-fuel rockets, it has focused instead on developing mobile, solid-fuel rockets that do not need complex launch infrastructure. Bresnick says that these smaller rockets, while incapable of carrying as many satellites as liquid-fuel ones, can be launched from remote locations, making them ideal for replacing damaged or destroyed satellites.

China's railgun-launched Tengyun may further strengthen its TRSL capabilities, although it may face stiff competition from US reusable rockets. In terms of costs, Chris Daehnick and other writers note in an April 2023 McKinsey & Company article that reusable launch technologies such as SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets have brought down the cost of putting payloads into orbit from US$65,000 per kilogram to around $1,000. Significantly, China has yet to demonstrate reusable rocket technology. This month, Space News reported that China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) plans to launch reusable rockets in 2025 and 2026. Daehnick and others point out the historical lag between first flight and peak launch rate, which is five to nine years for medium and heavy-lift vehicles. That lag may be more pronounced in prototype spaceplanes, although they point out that historical experience may be less relevant as new manufacturing technologies and approaches are deployed. While reusable rocket technology is relatively mature, spaceplane technology is still at the testing stage, which can make the former a more established and feasible launch option in the near term.

Study Documents Headaches Experienced by Astronauts in Space

Research in the growing field of space medicine has identified many ways in which zero-gravity and other conditions can affect the human body. Now, a new study finds that astronauts are more likely to experience headaches in space than previously known. The study involved 24 astronauts from the U.S., European and Japanese space agencies. They all traveled aboard the International Space Station for up to 26 weeks. All but two of them reported experiencing headaches in space.

Headaches struck a larger number of astronauts than the scientists had expected. The headaches continued even after the crew had been in space long enough for the body to adjust. The process takes place in the first two weeks in space. The headaches during the early period often presented similarly to migraines. Those experienced later in space travel presented more like a tension headache, the study found.

Neurologist WPJ van Oosterhout of Zaans Medical Center and the Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands was lead author of the study. He said the research suggests different processes "are involved for the early headache episodes - the first one to two weeks in space - versus later headache episodes."

"In the first week, the body has to adapt to the lack of gravity, known as space adaptation syndrome. This phenomenon is similar to motion sickness, and can cause nausea, vomiting and dizziness, and headaches," Van Oosterhout said. "The later headaches could result from … more fluid accumulating in the upper part of the body and head…."

Migraines experienced on Earth are often throbbing, and last four to seven hours, along with symptoms like nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light and sound, Van Oosterhout said. Tension headaches on Earth usually are a dull pain felt over the whole head, he said.

The astronauts, 23 men and one woman, had an average age of about 47. They visited the International Space Station for missions that took place from November 2011 to June 2018. A total of 378 headaches were reported by 22 of the 24 astronauts during a total of 3,596 days in orbit. None of the 24 reported headaches in the three months after returning to Earth. None had ever had migraines before their time in space and none had a history of usual headache attacks.

Documented effects of space travel include bone and muscle weakening, or atrophy, changes in the brain, cardiovascular system and immune system. Astronauts have also experienced effects on the inner ear and a condition involving the eyes. The risk of cancer from high radiation levels in space is another concern. Experts are unsure how much of a barrier these effects might have on human space travel over long periods, like trips to Mars or beyond.

"The honest answer is that we don't know the effects of long-duration space travel - possibly years - on the human body," Van Oosterhout said, adding, this "is a clear task for the field of space medicine."

SpaceX's Starship will go interstellar someday, Elon Musk says 

SpaceX's Starship megarocket could eventually live up to its bold name. A future iteration of Starship, which conducted its third-ever test flight last week, will go interstellar, according to SpaceX founder and CEO Elon Musk.

"This Starship is designed to traverse our entire solar system and beyond to the cloud of objects surrounding us. A future Starship, much larger and more advanced, will travel to other star systems," Musk said via X early Monday morning (March 18).  Starship consists of two stainless-steel elements: a huge first-stage booster called Super Heavy and a 165-foot-tall (50 meters) upper-stage spacecraft known as Starship, or just Ship.

Both of these vehicles are designed to be fully and rapidly reusable, and both are powered by SpaceX's next-gen Raptor engine — 33 for Super Heavy and six for Ship.

When stacked, Starship stands about 400 feet (122 m) tall. It's the biggest and most powerful rocket ever built, capable of carrying up to 165 tons (150 metric tons) to Earth orbit in its reusable configuration. For comparison, SpaceX's workhorse Falcon 9 rocket has a maximum payload capacity of about 25 tons (23 metric tons). 

SpaceX sees Starship helping humanity settle the moon and Mars. NASA buys into this vision: The agency selected Starship to be the first crewed lunar lander for its Artemis program. If all goes according to plan, Starship will put astronauts down on the moon for the first time on the Artemis 3 mission, which is tentatively scheduled to lift off in September 2026.

A lot more work, and many more test flights, will be needed to get Starship ready to carry astronauts in deep space. And getting an interstellar version up and running will require a far bigger leap — one that it's tough to imagine today.

Humanity is nowhere near developing a spacecraft that can travel between the stars on a reasonable timescale; the distances are just so intimidatingly huge. For example, the nearest star to our sun, the red dwarf Proxima Centauri, lies 4.2 light-years away. That's about 25 trillion miles (40 trillion kilometers). It would take a probe powered by conventional rocket propulsion tens of thousands of years to cover that exotic ground.

Researchers have ideas about how to make the journey more feasible. The Breakthrough Starshot initiative, for instance, is working on a system that would accelerate sailcraft to 20% the speed of light using super-powerful ground-based lasers. Such vehicles could reach Proxima Centauri just 20 years or so after liftoff, if everything works out.

That's a very big "if." And the Breakthrough Starshot craft would be tiny, with bodies about the size of a postage stamp. Developing an interstellar craft big enough to carry people would be a much taller order.

That's apparently what Musk has in mind, given that this future interstellar Starship will be "much larger" than the current behemoth. You and I probably won't be around to see that future craft fly, if it ever does; Breakthrough Starshot, which was announced in 2016, has been eyeing a possible debut launch in the 2030s or 2040s, and even that timeline may be ambitious.

Astronomers discover the largest black hole ever 

An ultramassive black hole around 33 billion times the mass of the sun has been discovered by UK astronomers. This discovery represents a significant breakthrough in our understanding of black holes, particularly ultramassive ones. Here's a summary of the key points from the article:

  • UK astronomers from Durham University have discovered an ultramassive black hole that is around 33 billion times the mass of the Sun.
  • This black hole is described as one of the largest ever found and is on the upper limit of how large black holes can theoretically become.
  • Ultramassive black holes are extremely massive objects, ranging between 10 billion and 40 billion times the mass of the Sun.
  • These black holes are believed to exist at the centers of large galaxies like the Milky Way.
  • The origins of ultramassive black holes are still unclear, but some theories suggest they formed from the merger of massive galaxies billions of years ago.
  • The discovery was made using gravitational lensing, where a nearby galaxy acted as a magnifying glass, revealing the presence of the ultramassive black hole.
  • This is the first time a black hole has been found using gravitational lensing.
  • Supercomputer simulations at Durham University and images from the Hubble Space Telescope were used to confirm the size of the black hole.
  • Most known massive black holes are in an active state, emitting radiation, but this discovery opens up the possibility of studying inactive black holes, providing insights into their evolution.
  • The researchers suggest that their approach could lead to the discovery of more ultramassive black holes beyond our local universe.

NASA's Webb, Hubble Telescopes Affirm Universe's Expansion Rate, Puzzle Persists

When delving into one of cosmology's greatest enigmas, meticulous attention to detail becomes paramount. The enigma in question, known as the "Hubble Tension," revolves around the discrepancy between the observed rate of expansion of the universe and the predicted rate based on its initial conditions and our current understanding of its evolution.

Astronomers utilizing NASA's Hubble Space Telescope alongside numerous other observatories have consistently arrived at a figure that diverges from predictions drawn from observations made by ESA's Planck mission. The question arises: does resolving this disparity necessitate the introduction of novel physics, or is it simply a consequence of discrepancies in measurement methodologies between the two approaches used to gauge the expansion rate of space?

For three decades, the Hubble Space Telescope has been diligently measuring the universe's present rate of expansion, with astronomers striving to dispel any lingering doubts regarding its accuracy. Presently, Hubble and NASA's James Webb Space Telescope have collaborated to produce definitive measurements, bolstering the argument that factors beyond measurement errors are influencing the expansion rate.

Adam Riess, a physicist at Johns Hopkins University and a Nobel laureate for his co-discovery of the universe's accelerating expansion, underscores the significance of this endeavor. He suggests that with measurement errors ruled out, the prospect of a fundamental misunderstanding of the universe emerges as an exciting possibility.

In corroborating Hubble's measurements, the James Webb Space Telescope's initial observations in 2023 provided further validation. Nonetheless, some scientists speculated that unseen errors in measurement might manifest as we peer deeper into the cosmos. Specifically, concerns were raised regarding the potential impact of stellar crowding on brightness measurements of distant stars, particularly affecting the reliability of Cepheid variable stars, crucial markers in cosmic distance measurements.

Led by Riess, the SH0ES team conducted additional observations with Webb, focusing on Cepheid variable stars, effectively spanning the range of Hubble's observations. This comprehensive approach helped to conclusively eliminate measurement errors as the cause of the Hubble Tension.

Astronomers utilize various techniques collectively referred to as the cosmic distance ladder to measure relative distances in the universe. However, concerns arise about the ladder's stability as one progresses outward, particularly in the accuracy of Cepheid measurements. Challenges such as stellar overcrowding and intervening dust complicate measurements, but Webb's infrared capabilities offer sharper vision, aiding in isolating Cepheids from neighboring stars.

The collaboration between Hubble and Webb, extending to the farthest reaches of the cosmic distance ladder, reinforces the reliability of Hubble's measurements. These findings not only validate previous observations but also set the stage for other observatories to delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe, such as NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and ESA's Euclid observatory.

As the distance ladder anchored by Hubble and Webb intersects with Planck's observations from the universe's inception, the quest to comprehend the universe's expansion from its beginnings to the present day remains ongoing. Riess emphasizes the need to bridge the gap between these two endpoints, urging further exploration.

Published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters on February 6, 2024, these findings underscore the indispensable role of telescopes like Hubble and Webb in unraveling the universe's mysteries. Operating for over three decades, Hubble continues to shape our understanding of the cosmos, exemplifying the power of international collaboration in space exploration. Similarly, the James Webb Space Telescope stands as a testament to humanity's quest for knowledge, unraveling the universe's secrets and redefining our place within it.

How Big Is Space?

The scale of the cosmos exceeds the bounds of human comprehension. But that doesn't mean the universe is beyond our understanding. Space is big. That's why we call it space. But how big is "big"?

We make it easier on ourselves by using huge units to measure distance, such as a light-year, the distance travelled in a year by light—the fastest thing in the universe. One way to help you grasp this scale is to take it step by step. The moon is the closest astronomical object to at about 380,000 km from Earth. Nearly 30 Earths could fit side-by-side over that distance! And that's the closest heavenly body.

The sun is about 400 times farther away from us than the moon, 150 million km. How far is that? If you could pave a road between Earth and the sun, at highway speeds, it would take you about 170 years to drive there. Better pack a lunch. A commercial jet would be better— it would take a mere 17 years. These are some of the hardest things to grasp! We just aint built to think like this!

Let's consider the separation between objects in terms of their size. For example, the sun is 1.4 million km wide. The nearest star system to the sun is Alpha Centauri, which is 41 trillion km away. If we divide the two numbers, Alpha Centauri is about 30 million "suns" away.

Stars are very small compared to the distance between them. That's also why we use light-years to measure these distances. A light year is the distance a beam of light travels in one year, 10 trillion kms! It's fast too. Light will go round the world 7 times in one second!

One of our closest stars, Alpha Centauri, is 4.3 light-years away, or a little over four times 10 trillion kilometres! The centre of the Milky Way is 26,000 light-years away, and our Milky Way galaxy itself is a flattish disc some 120,000 light-years across. The nearest big galaxy to the Milky Way is Andromeda, which is 2.5 million light years from us. Are you still with me?

The universe is 13.8 billion years old, so you might think the most distant objects we can see are roughly that distance away in light-years. But the cosmos is expanding, and in the time it's taken for the light from distant objects to reach us, that expansion has swept them farther from us. Because of this, the observable universe is estimated to be more like 90 or so billion light-years across!

After all that, I'll let you in on a secret: even astronomers can't truly grasp these scales. We work with them and we can do the math and physics with them, but our ape brain still struggles to comprehend even the distance to the moon—and the universe is 2 million trillion times bigger than that. So yeah, space is big.

If you're feeling very, very small right now it's OK. These scales can seem crushing. But I'll leave you with this: while the cosmos is immense beyond what we can grasp, using math and physics and our brain, we can actually understand it. And that makes us pretty big, too.

Atom Bombs in Space Are Back to Scare Us Again

William J. Broad since the 1980s has been writing about military combat in space, including nuclear detonations, as detailed in his books "Star Warriors" and "Teller's War."

In 1982, President Ronald Reagan was considering what became known as "Star Wars," a plan to shield America from Soviet missiles by deploying up to thousands of weapons in space. At the same time, as a young science writer, I was reporting on how the rays from a single nuclear detonation in orbit could wipe out whole fleets of battle stations and laser death rays. "Star Wars: Pentagon Lunacy," read one of the headlines.

Decades later, Mr. Reagan and the Soviet Union are gone, but anxiety over a high-altitude nuclear blast lives on, brought back most recently by the ostensible war aims of the Russian president Vladimir V. Putin. Last month, American spy agencies told Congress, as well as foreign allies, that Mr. Putin might deploy and use an atom bomb in space that could disable thousands of satellites. Not only military and civilian communication links would presumably be at risk, but also satellites that spy, track the weather, beam broadcasts, empower cellphone maps, form internet connections and perform dozens of other modern tasks.

The mere claim of such a deployment may help Mr. Putin frighten his adversaries.

"Its purpose is the same as Star Wars was for us in the '80s," said Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist who publishes a monthly space report. "It's to scare the other side."

But for actually fighting a war, analysts say, the step is hard to imagine — unless Mr. Putin wants some of his most important allies and supporters to face the prospect of unspeakable pain.

Five nuclear experts in a 2010 study explained how astronauts hit by the most powerful rays would experience two to three hours of nausea and vomiting before the radiation sickness left them facing "a 90 percent probability of death."

The International Space Station typically holds seven astronauts — three Americans, a foreigner and — you guessed it — three Russians. The rays could also turn the space station of Mr. Putin's top ally, China, into a death trap. Beijing's shiny new outpost currently holds three Chinese astronauts and is set to expand to accommodate even more.

China's satellites — 628 by a recent count — would pose an additional vulnerability. Stephen M. Younger, a former director of Sandia National Laboratories, which helps make the nation's nuclear arms, said in an interview that a Russian space blast could blind China's reconnaissance satellites and thus end the country's principal way of tracking the U.S. Navy's Pacific Fleet.

Autumn Skies: A Sparkling Spectacle

It's only a few weeks to Autumn, and the skies are already putting on a dazzling show. I love sky gazing this time of year for one main reason: it's finally comfortable outside! No more sweltering heat or bone-chilling cold, just perfect stargazing weather. You can stay out late at night and watch the stars rise majestically in the east, their westward trek unfolding over just a few hours. It's like a celestial parade that's been playing out for millennia.

Speaking of ancient times, did you know that astronomy is the oldest of human sciences, yet also the newest? Most of what we know about the universe has been discovered in recent times. So, why do constellations matter? Well, it's all about history. We owe our understanding of the night sky to ancient civilizations like the Chinese, Babylonians, Greeks, and Romans, who saw patterns in the stars and named them.

Have you ever stretched out on a blanket on a crisp autumn night and talked about the stars and constellations? It's a timeless human experience! While most of us are familiar with the twelve zodiac constellations, there are actually 88 official constellations recognized by astronomers. Interestingly, no new constellations have been officially added for centuries!

These constellations are our celestial map, the fixed points in the ever-changing night sky. We use them to track the movements of planets, predict meteor showers, and even navigate. Many recurring meteor showers, like the Perseids and Geminids, are named after constellations.

Want to find your way around the starry expanse? Download an app like Sky Safari or Google Sky Map for a real-time view of the constellations, complete with fascinating details. Just hold your phone or tablet to the sky, and it will show you all the constellations, planets, and stars visible from your location.

Speaking of stars, where do they all go during the day? They don't disappear, of course; they're simply outshined by the bright sun. It's like watching a fireworks show during the day – the dazzling colours are still there, but they're overwhelmed by the sunlight.

Remember how I mentioned the worst time to view the moon is when it's full? Well, this weekend is the perfect time because it's in its half phase. The bright half is now on the left side, towards the east, catching the rays of the dawning sun. At this "last quarter" phase, the moon is actually ahead of Earth in our orbit around the sun. So, when you see it in the sky, imagine that 3½ hours later, Earth will be occupying the same spot in space!

The moon's phases are caused by its dance around Earth. As the moon revolves around our planet, different parts of its surface are bathed in sunlight, creating the familiar cycle from full moon to new moon. This entire cycle takes about 29.5 days, the time it takes the moon to complete one orbit around Earth.

Stargazing with apps has become increasingly popular, thanks to the convenience of technology and the wealth of information available at our fingertips. Here are some astronomy apps that enhance the stargazing experience:

1. SkyView: Explore the Universe

• Platform: iOS, Android

• Features: SkyView uses augmented reality (AR) to overlay constellations, stars, and planets on your device's camera view. Simply point your device at the sky, and the app will identify celestial objects in real-time. It also provides information about stars, planets, and other celestial bodies.

2. Star Walk 2

• Platform: iOS, Android

• Features: Star Walk 2 is a user-friendly app that offers real-time tracking of stars, planets, and constellations. It includes a time machine feature, allowing users to explore the night sky at different times in the past or future. The app also provides detailed information about celestial objects and upcoming astronomical events.

3. SkySafari

• Platform: iOS, Android

• Features: SkySafari is a powerful astronomy app suitable for both beginners and experienced stargazers. It offers a comprehensive database of stars, planets, and deep-sky objects. The app includes telescope control functionality for compatible devices, allowing users to point their telescope at specific celestial targets.

4. Night Sky

• Platform: iOS

• Features: Night Sky is another app that utilizes AR to display an interactive map of the night sky. It provides information on stars, planets, satellites, and constellations. The app also includes a time-lapse feature, allowing users to see how the night sky changes over time.

5. NASA App

• Platform: iOS, Android

• Features: The official NASA app offers a wealth of information about space exploration, including images, videos, and news. It also provides real-time tracking of the International Space Station (ISS) and other satellites. The app is an excellent resource for staying updated on the latest space missions and discoveries.

6. Heavens-Above

• Platform: iOS, Android

• Features: Heavens-Above is a practical app for tracking satellites, including the ISS and other man-made objects orbiting the Earth. It provides precise pass predictions for your location, making it easy to spot satellites during stargazing sessions.

7. SkyWiki

• Platform: iOS, Android

• Features: SkyWiki is an educational app that combines stargazing with informative content. It includes an extensive celestial object database, and users can learn about stars, planets, and other astronomical phenomena through interactive visualizations.

8. Stellarium • Platform: iOS, Android

• Features: Stellarium is a free and open-source planetarium software that provides a realistic 3D view of the night sky. It can display stars, constellations, planets, and other celestial objects, as well as simulate astronomical events. 

***When choosing an astronomy app, consider your level of expertise and specific interests. Many of these apps offer free versions with essential features, while premium versions unlock additional functionalities. Experiment with a few to find the one that best suits your stargazing preferences.

Ultimately, whether you see the stars as celestial data points or celestial storytellers, remember, they hold the power to ignite both scientific inquiry and personal wonder. So, the next time you gaze at the night sky, let your curiosity soar, but remember, the true magic lies not in predicting your future, but in understanding the incredible reality of our universe.


'ASTRO DAVE' RENEKE - A Personal Perspective

I've often been asked what I do, where I've been and what sort of activities I've engaged in throughout my 50 years involvement in astronomy and space. Here is an interview i did with Delving with Des Kennedy on Rhema 99.9 recently. 

David Reneke, a highly regarded Australian amateur astronomer and lecturer with over 50 years of experience, has established himself as a prominent figure in the field of astronomy. With affiliations to leading global astronomical institutions, David serves as the Editor for Australia's Astro-Space News Magazine and has previously held key editorial roles with Sky & Space Magazine and Australasian Science magazine.

His extensive background includes teaching astronomy at the college level, being a featured speaker at astronomy conventions across Australia, and contributing as a science correspondent for both ABC and commercial radio stations. David's weekly radio interviews, reaching around 3 million listeners, cover the latest developments in astronomy and space exploration.

As a media personality, David's presence extends to regional, national, and international TV, with appearances on prominent platforms such as Good Morning America, American MSNBC news, the BBC, and Sky News in Australia. His own radio program has earned him major Australasian awards for outstanding service.

David is recognized for his engaging and unique style of presenting astronomy and space discovery, having entertained and educated large audiences throughout Australia. In addition to his presentations, he produces educational materials for beginners and runs a popular radio program in Hastings, NSW, with a substantial following and multiple awards for his radio presentations.

In 2004, David initiated the 'Astronomy Outreach' program, touring primary and secondary schools in NSW to provide an interactive astronomy and space education experience. Sponsored by Tasco Australia, Austar, and Discovery Science channel, the program donated telescopes and grants to schools during a special tour in 2009, contributing to the promotion of astronomy education in Australia. BELOW Is the recorded interview  

INTRODUCING OUR NEW PARTNER & ASTRO SUPPLIER

Many thanks to Peter and the crew at ASTRO ANARCHY Queensland. A New business with the amateur astronomer firmly in mind.  Astro Anarchy has the experience, the stock and the knowledge to set up the first timer, to assist in the development of our hobby for the experienced observer OR cater to any other size need or desire in the field of amateur astronomy. 

ATRO ANARCHY AS OUR SPONSOR: My business partner Peter Davies and I have set up a new Astro Tourism business focusing on the recently 'Dark Sky Town' accredited to Norfolk Island. We call it 'Norfolk Island STARGAZING'. When approached, Pete from Astro Anarchy had no hesitation in organizing and supplying all our Telescopes, Binoculars and associated gear to get started. Nothing was any trouble allowing us more than enough time to set up and become fully operational. He and he and his business come highly recommended for anyone wanting any astronomical gear in Australia.

Web: https://www.astroanarchy.com.au/    Sales: sales@astroanarchy.com.au   Phone: 0412 085 224


**Leave a message or comments on this website or any of the stories in box below: OR Email me direct www.daverereneke.@Gmail.com

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'Astro Dave' Is Radio-Active 

Heard On DOZENS Of Stations Weekly - CLICK for past interviews