ASTRO-SPACE NEWS

Weird, Wild & Breaking News Stories in Space and Astronomy from around the World each Week

4 MAY 2009

‘Astro Dave’

Here’s a selection of Astronomy/Space related stories you may find interesting. Let me know your email address and I’ll send a copy to you each week. Your details are confidential – I won’t disclose your address to anyone!

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First Aussie Woman In Space

The first Australian woman bound for space might have had a sense of her own destiny 40 years ago when she wagged school to watch Neil Armstrong’s moon landing. Glenys Ambe, who has bought a ticket on Sir Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic spaceship, resembled a giddy schoolgirl last week as she sat and watched a simulated flight of the aircraft.

The 56-year-old fashion shop owner from Brisbane was a star guest at a technology launch by Virgin Galactic in Sydney, which included a digital simulation of the two-hour flight that will cost her AU$277,400.

All up, the two pilots and six passengers on board will spend just four minutes in space – that’s a cool $69,350 a minute to experience the thrill of zero gravity. But she has no doubts it will be money well spent.

“I have always wanted to go up into space,” Ms Ambe said. “I’m old enough to remember the first manned flights (to the moon). The only day I wagged school in my whole life was when my father gave me permission to … the day they walked on the moon.”

Testing of the six-passenger craft, SpaceShipTwo, and its mother ship, WhiteKnightTwo, is expected to take until mid 2011. Commercial flights will follow later that year under a lottery system for the first 500 passengers, who include Sir Richard, his family and other VIPs.

Ms Ambe is one of 15 Australians, and 300 people worldwide, who have bought tickets and will fly after the VIPs. She will be the first Australian woman on a space flight, realising her dream sometime in 2012 or thereafter.

It seems a long way off, but she doesn’t mind the wait. “That’s OK, space will still be there. I’m not a three-year-old who needs it now,” Ms Ambe said. Virgin Galactic first launched in 2004 and completed three space flights in smaller, pilot-only versions of the craft.

WhiteKnightTwo is currently in test phase, with a dual fuselage jet-engine design built to carry SpaceShipTwo to an altitude of 15 kilometres. The rocket-propelled spaceship will then detach and burn fuel for 90 seconds to reach an altitude of 110km. It will remain suspended in zero gravity for four minutes before gliding back to its point of origin at an airstrip in the New Mexico desert.

Head of “astronaut sales” Carolyn Wincer said she expects 500 tickets to be sold before the first passenger flight and 50,000 in the first 10 years of operation. Galactic trips are expected to be as frequent as once a week.

And the quick jaunt into space is just the tip of the iceberg. “This is just the beginning for us,” Ms Wincer said. “We want to do orbital flights. We want to be able to do lunar flights.”

Article from: The Courier-Mail

Private Moon Rover Aims for Apollo 11 Landing Site

Nearly 40 years after Americans first set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969 with NASA’s historic Apollo 11 flight, a host of private rocketeers are hoping to follow to win a $30 million prize. Here Astro-Space News looks at one of 17 teams competing in the Google Lunar X Prize:

If there’s one name that’s on the lips of many Google Lunar X Prize competitors, it’s Astrobotic. The team boasts a name that readily conveys its ambitious aspirations for reaching the moon and beyond.

“Astrobotic Technology is going to do a series of missions for scouting, prospecting, mining, and all sorts of things that robots can do to get ready for the human return to the moon,” said David Gump, President of Astrobotic.

Winning the Google Lunar X Prize requires teams to land a robot on the moon, move at least 1,640 feet (500 meters) and beam high definition views back to Earth.

The team plans for a pinpoint landing just over a mile from the Apollo 11 site, where Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. Astrobotic’s “Red Rover” would then beam back high-definition images of the dusty footprints left by Armstrong and fellow Apollo astronaut Buzz Aldrin, all while taking care not to disturb the historical site.

Space.com

Debris Precautions Set For Hubble Mission

The space shuttle Atlantis will drop to a lower orbit as soon as it releases the Hubble Space Telescope to reduce the risk from orbital debris on the upcoming mission to service the orbiting observatory.

NASA estimates the risk of a catastrophic debris hit at the 350-mile altitude where the Atlantis crew will upgrade and maintain the telescope at 1 in 221, a calculation that includes the debris scattered when an operational Iridium communications satellite and a defunct Russian military communications satellite collided in February at an altitude of 490 miles.

That is within acceptable risk under NASA’s 1-in-200 guideline, but still worse than experienced at the International Space Station orbit more than 100 miles lower. So once Atlantis has dropped off the telescope, probably on Flight Day 9 of the STS-125 mission launching May 11, it will move into an elliptical orbit that averages out at the ISS altitude to lower the risk from debris.

During the week of servicing operations at the telescope, Atlantis will fly tail forward, with the payload bay facing the Earth as much as possible given thermal constraints on the telescope and components in the orbiter’s payload bay, to afford the four spacewalkers and the orbiter’s delicate thermal protection system (TPS) as much shelter as possible from debris.

“People have worked very hard to mitigate this risk,” NASA said. “We take it seriously.” Launch in a window that could open

The shuttle Endeavour is already at Launch Complex 39B at Kennedy Space Centre to fly the STS-400 rescue mission if needed. In a rescue, Endeavour would use its robotic arm to grapple Atlantis from below, and the the rescue crew would bring the telescope-servicing crew across to Endeavour in three spacewalks, with the crews swapping spacesuits as needed to get everyone to safety.

Following its own inspection for damage, Endeavour would then land on its Flight Day 7.

NASA

Farthest Known Object In The Universe

Astronomers have discovered the most distant object in the universe — a spectacular stellar explosion known as a gamma-ray burst located about 13 billion light years away.

The burstwas detected by NASA’s Swift satellite on 2009 April 23 and was observed by the US and UK science teams within minutes of its discovery. The observations demonstrated that the record-breaking explosion occurred when the universe was only 630 million years old, a mere one-twentieth of its current age.

“I have been chasing gamma-ray bursts for a decade, trying to find such a spectacular event,” said Edo Berger, a professor at Harvard University. “We now have the first direct proof that the young universe was teeming with exploding stars and newly-born black holes only a few hundred million years after the Big Bang,” he added.

On April 23, the Swift satellite detected a ten-second-long gamma-ray burst of modest brightness. It quickly its telescopes to bear on the burst location. The burst most likely arose from the explosion of a massive star. We’re seeing the demise of the star – and probably the birth of a black hole – in one of the universe’s earliest stellar generations…at a distance of about 13 billion light-years.

As word spread about the record distance, additional telescopes around the world slewed toward GRB 090423 to observe the afterglow before it faded away. By dissecting the infrared light of the afterglow into a spectrum, astronomers confirmed the burst’s redshift to be 8.2 — the highest ever measured. This corresponds to a distance of 13.035 billion light-years.

The previous record holder was a burst seen in September 2008. It showed a redshift of 6.7, which places it 190 million light-years closer than GRB 090423. This new gamma-ray burst smashed all the records. It easily surpassed the most distant galaxies and quasars. In fact, it showed that we can use these spectacular events to pinpoint the first generation of stars and galaxies.

Gamma-ray bursts are the universe’s most luminous explosions. Most occur when massive stars run out of nuclear fuel. As their cores collapse into a black hole or neutron star, gas jets – driven by processes not fully understood – punch through the star and blast into space. There, they strike gas previously shed by the star and heat it, which generates short-lived afterglows in other wavelengths.

The Mars Hoax is Back

It’s back—the Mars hoax, that is. Once again the report is circulating on the Internet that Mars, appearing “as large as the full Moon, is coming closer than it’s ever been—a once-in-a-lifetime event not to be missed.”

Actually, “hoax” is the wrong word, unless some joker out there is spreading it knowingly (quite possible). When viewed through a telescope, Mars looks small, and to naked eyes Mars never appears anywhere near as large as the Moon, nor even as large and bright as Venus for that matter.

This is an e-mail chain letter claiming that Mars is about to come “closer than ever in history and will look as big and bright as the full Moon with the naked eye.” It usually surfaces in August but it’s been sent out early this year it seems. If your well-meaning great-aunt or your cousin’s brother-in-law’s dog hasn’t sent it to you yet, it’s probably just a matter of time.

What’s going on is this. Back in 2003 Mars did come historically close to Earth and did appear larger and brighter than usual. This is the same report now that’s come around every year since August 2003.

Back then, someone e-mailed someone else pointing out that at a magnification of 75× in a telescope, Mars would appear as big in the eyepiece as the Moon does unmagnified. But two things happened, as often do with chain letters. It got rewritten bit by bit to improve the story as it got passed around, so that the “75×” was downplayed or even left out. And the chain letter kept going and going long after August 2003 was history.

For now, let’s talk about what we read on our computer screens. Without a doubt the Internet is transforming information access. What’s available on-line is truly amazing.

When receiving information from any source—books, magazines, newspapers, radio, TV, or the next door neighbour—the wise person always notes the source and views the data with a healthy dose of scepticism, especially sensational-sounding data.

The first place to check for facts about any internet rumor, hoax, or urban legend is www.snopes.com. Bookmark it.

Sky and Telescope USA

We owe it all to comets

Comets have always fascinated us. A mysterious appearance could symbolize God’s displeasure or mean a sure failure in battle, at least for one side. Now it seems comets might have provided the elements for the emergence of life on our planet.

While investigating the chemical make-up of comets, Prof. Akiva Bar-Nun of Tel Aviv University found they were the source of missing ingredients needed for life in Earth’s ancient primordial soup. “When comets slammed into the Earth through the atmosphere about four billion years ago, they delivered a payload of organic materials to the young Earth, adding materials that combined with Earth’s own large reservoir of organics and led to the emergence of life,” says Prof. Bar-Nun.

It was the chemical composition of comets that allowed them to kickstart life. Researchers were able to simulate comet ice, and found that comets contain ingredients necessary for providing the basic nutrients of life.

Specifically, Prof. Bar-Nun looked at the noble gases Argon, Krypton and Xenon. If we look at these elements in the atmosphere of the Earth and in meteorites, we see that neither is identical to the ratio in the sun’s composition. So we need another source of noble gases which, when added to these meteorites or asteroid influx, could change the ratio. And this came from comets.

Comets are essentially large chunks of ice formed in the early days of the solar system far away from the sun. During the comets’ formation, the porous ice trapped gases and organic chemicals that were present in outer space. Thus, the arrival on Earth of comets and asteroids led to the necessary ratio of materials for organic life, “which eventually were dissolved in the ocean and started the long process leading to the emergence of life on Earth,” says Prof. Bar-Nun.

Tel Aviv University

NASA Scraps Moon Base Plans

“NASA will probably not build an outpost on the moon as originally planned, the agency’s acting administrator, Chris Scolese, told lawmakers on Wednesday. His comments also hinted that the agency is open to putting more emphasis on human missions to destinations like Mars or a near-Earth asteroid.”

“Under Scolese’s predecessor, Mike Griffin, the agency held firm to itsmoon base plans. But the comments by Scolese, who will lead NASA until President Barack Obama nominates the next administrator, suggest a shift in the agency’s direction. He spoke to the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice,

Science, and Related Agencies of the House Committee on Appropriations.”

New Scientist

We may exist in a ‘Multiverse’

Until recently, many scientists were reluctant to accept the idea of a “multiverse” – the concept that our universe is just one of many. However, recent progress in both cosmology and string theory has brought about a change in thinking and the idea of a “multiverse” is gaining momentum with physicists across the world now looking at ways to prove its existence.

But if our universe really is just one of zillions, what does the rest of the multiverse look like?

Although the universe was thought to be the only universe, new scientific theories centre around the possibility of a multiverse. Some of these theories include the many-worlds hypothesis and the bubble universe theory.

In the latter, there are an infinite number of universes, each with different physical constants and characteristics. In this theory, it is impossible for anything to travel between different universes(Or else they would be one universe).

It is thought that universes are stacked one on top of another. These stacks would continue forever, endless stacks placed side by side and on top of another. Of course, each universe would contain the same celestial bodies(planets, galaxies, clusters, superclusters) as ours.

New Missions Target Mars Moon Phobos

Efforts to reach the Martian moon Phobos have long been outshined by missions to the red planet itself. Now, scientists in Russia, Canada and the U.S. are preparing their own missions to the largest moon of Mars.

Mars actually has two moons: Phobos and Deimos. They might more properly be called satellites, however, because they are extremely small, only a few kilometers in diameter.

In fact, some scientists think Phobos and Deimos could be asteroids that somehow ended up orbiting Mars instead of crashing into the planet, or they could be leftovers from the time of planetary formation. Another option is that the moons are fragments of Mars, blasted off the planet’s surface by a large asteroid or comet impact.

Whatever their origins, in terms of space missions the moons have been overshadowed by the planet they orbit. If a spacecraft is sent on a 6-month journey of many millions of miles, it seems anti-climatic to have it plop down on a tiny asteroid-like body when Mars itself is so close, beckoning with its many different regions to explore and a complex history to unravel. Russian scientists, however, have been trying to send a spacecraft to Phobos, the larger of the two Mars moons, for many years.

Phobos 1 and Phobos 2 were launched within 5 days of each other in July 1988. Phobos 1 lost communications due to a software glitch that September, but Phobos 2 had better luck and made it all the way to Mars orbit. Before the spacecraft could send its two probes to Phobos, however, the spacecraft’s signal was lost due to a computer malfunction.

Astrobiology Magazine

Plan to Exhume Galileo’s Remains

Italian scientists are trying to get Galileo’s DNA to figure out how the astronomer forged groundbreaking theories on the universe while gradually becoming blind, a historian said Monday.

Scientists at Florence’s Institute and Museum of the History of Science want to exhume the body of 17th-century astronomer Galileo Galilei to find out exactly what he could see through his telescope.

The Italian astronomer –who built on the work of predecessor Nicolaus Copernicus to develop modern astronomy with the sun as the centre of the universe–had a degenerative eye disease that eventually left him blind.

“If we succeed, thanks to DNA, in understanding how this disease distorted his sight, it could bring about important discoveries for the history of science,” said the institute’s director, Paolo Galluzzi.

“We could explain certain mistakes that Galileo made: why he described the planet Saturn as having ‘lateral ears’ rather than having seen it encircled by rings for example,” said Galluzzi.

In an effort to recreate what Galileo–who lived from 1564 to 1642–saw, the scientific team has made an exact replica of his telescope.

They now want to get DNA proof of what ophthalmologists have said was a genetic eye disease and thereby more fully understand the conditions under which he made observations that revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos.

The Calgary Herald

Lightest exoplanet yet discovered

Well-known exoplanet researcher Michel Mayor today announced the discovery of the lightest exoplanet found so far. The planet, “e”, in the famous system Gliese 581, is only about twice the mass of our Earth. The team also refined the orbit of the planet Gliese 581 d, first discovered in 2007, placing it well within the habitable zone, where liquid water oceans could exist.

These amazing discoveries are the outcome of more than four years of observations. The holy grail of current exoplanet research is the detection of a rocky, Earth-like planet in the ‘habitable zone’ — a region around the host star with the right conditions for water to be liquid on a planet’s surface. Planet Gliese 581 e orbits its host star – located only 20.5 light-years away in the constellation Libra in just 3.15 days. With only 1.9 Earth-masses, it is the least massive exoplanet ever detected and is, very likely, a rocky planet.

Being so close to its host star, the planet is not in the habitable zone. But another planet in this system appears to be. With the discovery of Gliese 581 e, the planetary system now has four known planets. The new observations have revealed that this planet is in the habitable zone, where liquid water could exist. It could even be covered by a large and deep ocean — it is the first serious ‘water world’ candidate.

The gentle pull of an exoplanet as it orbits the host star introduces a tiny wobble in the star’s motion — only about 7 km/hour, corresponding to brisk walking speed — that can just be detected on Earth with today’s most sophisticated technology. Low-mass red dwarf stars such as Gliese 581 are potentially fruitful hunting grounds for low-mass exoplanets in the habitable zone.

It is amazing to see how far astronomers have come since discovering the first exoplanet around a normal star in 1995 — the one around 51 Pegasi system. The mass of Gliese 581 e is 80 times less than that of 51 Pegasi b. This is tremendous progress in just 14 years.

The astronomers are confident that they can still do better. With similar observing conditions an exact Earth-like planet located in the middle of the habitable zone of a red dwarf star could be detectable within 5 years. The hunt continues.

== IN THE SKY THIS WEEK ==

The new Moon was on Saturday April 25. The keen-eyed, who have a clear, level western horizon will see Mercury this week, just peeking over the horizon at twilight.

On Monday April 27 Mercury is near the Pleiades cluster, with the crescent Moon just above. Saturn will be visible the entire night and can be easily seen as the second brightest object above the north-eastern horizon.

It is about a third of the way between the bright stars Regulus and Spica, not far from the star beta Leonis. Saturn’s rings are edge on, which will not occur again for another 14 years.

The morning sky has the brightest planets. Jupiter has lost its domination of the morning sky to Venus. For early morning risers with a small telescope, Jupiter’s moons are readily visible and Venus is an obvious crescent. Mars is visible close to Venus, although they draw apart during the week.

UNEXPECTED SOLAR ACTIVITY: The sun produced an unexpected burst of activity on April 23rd when an enormous prominence rose over the northeastern limb and erupted. A coronal mass ejection (CME) billowed away from the blast site, but the billion-ton cloud is not heading toward Earth. Visit http://spaceweather.com

UFO SECTION

Unedited reports from various world-wide sources.

Buried Treasure: X-COM: UFO Defense review
Examiner.com – USA
Many are the hardened PC gamers who cut their teeth fighting alien invasions in 1993 when X-COM: UFO Defense (or Enemy Unknown if you came from Europe) …
See all stories on this topic

Popular Mechanics tackles UFOs
Examiner.com – USA
Popular Mechanics, one of the largest circulation science magazines, has an issue looking into UFOs. But Skeptics need not leap up in anger, yet. …
See all stories on this topic

Is this a UFO over Carlisle?
News & Star – Carlisle,England,UK
Is it a UFO? Did you see it as well? If it is not an alien craft, can you offer an explanation? Have you seen something you can’t explain?
See all stories on this topic

Dec. 11, 2007: The truth of Madison’s big UFO event
The Huntsville Times – al.com – Huntsville,AL,USA
The National UFO Reporting Center has on record a total of 448 sightings of unidentified flying objects over Alabama since recording of such celestial …
See all stories on this topic

Many captivated by couple’s alien abduction story
Foster’s Daily Democrat – Dover,NH,USA
By ROBERT M. COOK It may have been nearly 50 years since Betty and Barney Hill said they were abducted by a UFO, but their story continues to captivate both …
See all stories on this topic

Second witness reports IL triangle UFO
Examiner.com – USA
A second report surfaced recently that seems to match the April 1, 2009, report of a triangular-shaped UFO near Frankfort, IL, where the witnesses chased …
See all stories on this topic

Amazing octopus UFO filmed by child in Brazil, video
Allnewsweb.com – Sydney,NSW,Australia
This amazingly clear video of a shape-shifting UFO was sent in to us by a reader. Allegedly it was filmed in Rio in Brazil by a child but we cannot confirm …
See all stories on this topic

Australia: UFO filmed in Bendigo, Victoria
Allnewsweb.com – Sydney,NSW,Australia
Rural Victoria is generally one of Australia’s UFO hotspots. Generally most UFO sightings occur out of big cities. This is either because the skies are so …
See all stories on this topic

British Government secretly studies crop circles & UFO connection
Examiner.com – USA
There were also efforts to suppress any investigation into a connection between UFOs and crop circles. Finally, Andrews revealed how the 1987 crash of a …
See all stories on this topic

Some sites of interest:

• The Hubble Site – Beautiful photos, desktop images and more!
• The Hubble Project – NASA’s official Hubble site

• The Hubble Heritage Site – a collection of spectacular Hubble views

• Bad Science – ideas and facts which are well established and well understood, but which persist in being presented incorrectly

• Bad Astronomy – devoted to airing out myths and misconceptions in astronomy and related topics The Apollo “Hoax” Debunked! – This United Kingdom site does a good job of explaining the truth.
• Bad Astronomy – Bad TV – This site takes a direct shot at Fox TV’s 2001 TV special promoting the hoax theory.

• Men on the Moon as a Matter of Fact
• NASA Earth Observatory – satellite imagery and scientific information about our home planet, focusing on Earth’s climate and environmental change
• Solar System Simulator – Forget the space suit! This way-cool simulator lets you view our Solar System from anywhere, anytime! (Want to see what Jupiter looks like from the surface of Eurpoa right now?)
• Virtual Reality Moon Phase Pictures – Calculate the moon phase for any date, any time, any place!
• Earth and Moon Viewer – Virtual views of the Earth and Moon from any satellite or any point in space. What would it look like, right now, viewing the Earth from the Moon? Find out here!
• Windows to the Universe – A wonderful, interactive space tour. Great fun!
• NASA Photo Gallery – A collection of beautiful space photographs from NASA’s National Space Science Data Centre. (Great “wallpaper” for your computer screen!)
• Great Images In NASA – GRIN is a collection of over a thousand images of significant historical interest scanned at high-resolution in several sizes

HIGHLY RECOMMENDED AUSTRALIAN ASTRONOMY SITE

If you are interested in Astro-Photography, at any level, then this is the site for you.

Shevill Mathers is recognized as one of the world’se leading amateur astronomers and is a specialist in his field. His regular columns and newspaper articles are now augmented by a wide range of articles including ATM articles, Astro News items and Activities from Tasmania as well as reviewing a wide range of astronomical equipment.

http://www.astrotasmania.com-a.googlepages.com/home

Shevill is a regular contributor to many various magazines including the Tasmania 40 Degrees South magazine, Leatherwood On-Line, Discover Tasmania, Quasar Publishing ‘Astronomy Yearbook’, Universe Today and various overseas scientific forums. He is a local media source for TV, radio and the print media.

Shevill Mathers has been a keen amateur astronomer / telescope and camera builder in the UK since the early 60’s, with a special interest in astrophotography. A member of the BAA, London (Lunar Section), his photographic expertise was greatly encouraged by Patrick Moore, with whom he has maintained a lasting friendship. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1968.

 http://www.shevillmathers.id.au/

Southern Cross Observatory – IYA

 http://www.shevillmathers.id.au/

Two special sites have been established at the International ’Macedon Ranges Observatory’, in Victoria, to coordinate and share images, experiences and events around the world, the links are: http://www.southerngalactic.com/ and http://www.northerngalactic.com/
Southern Cross Observatory-Tasmania 42 South

Phone/Fax: (03) 6248 5861 Mobile: 0418 693 399
http://picasaweb.google.com/home
http://www.astrotasmania.com-a.googlepages.com/home
http://www.southerngalactic.com/ – Celebrating IYA 2009
http://www.northerngalactic.com/ – Celebrating IYA 2009

‘AUSTRALIAN ASTRONOMY’ Website

What is it?

This is a website devoted to Amateur Astronomers across Australia run by well known amateur astronomer Ken James.

Why?

Many websites offer lots of information for Australians, but you may have to visit several sites to obtain the basic information you are seeking. Australian Astronomy attempts to make your search easier by bringing lots of information into the one place to save you from searching all over the net

Any information that I cannot give easily, or fit into this site, I will provide a link directly to the source of information rather than you having to go look for it.

ken.james1@bigpond.com

PAUL FLOYD’S ASTRONOMY AND SPACE WEBSITE

A must for anyone remotely interested in astronomy, space issues and the night sky…. Especially teachers and astronomy educators.

Paul Floyd’s Astronomy and Space Website comes highly recommended by me personally. Visit his website now and download a free ‘2009 International Year of Astronomy’ Wall Calendar while you’re there. http://www.nightskyonline.info/

For teachers involved in the International Year of Astronomy 2009 can I suggest you visit Paul’s site now and have a brief peruse of the resources there. Paul has also set up a couple of new email lists for South East Queensland teachers and casual sky watchers. Feel free to sign up.

ASTRONOMY ONLINE

This website is a project of two people with some material contributed from friends, classmates, colleagues and fellow enthusiasts. A short biography about me can be found on the blog portion of the website.

Almost all of the material within this site was written by me. Other material are a direct plug-in from essays and projects I have written during my pursuit of my Master’s Degree in Astronomy. Any material and images that have come from any source other than my own material is so indicated.

Astronomy Online is more than just a hobby for me, it is a way I can contribute to the world of astronomy – and I hope you find it useful.

The Internet service provider fee, domain registration, equipment and advertising are all paid for by my own money. The website site design and database administration is maintained with the help of my beautiful and talented wife, Chanthirar.

If you like the website, please tell your friends. Astronomy Online has been nominated for a Webby Award as one of the five best science websites for 2006.

In addition to a Webby nomination, Thompson Scientific has included Astronomy Online in its extensive research database.

Ricky Leon Murphy, MSc

Astronomy Online

http://astronomyonline.org

http://astrodrummer.com

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